![]() ![]() Values marked with "\(=\)" are given by definition. Your examples and corrections are always welcome. Equations given elsewhere are also typically in some variety of dimensionless natural units, which makes getting real numbers and checking them more difficult. Hence, although all calculations are done fully generally, results for non-Schwarzschild holes should be taken cautiously. However, I haven't found examples given for charged or rotating black holes, worked out to actual numbers. This calculator has been validated against several reference solutions to Schwarzschild black holes, and the equations check out-dimensionally and otherwise. Consequently, when such a condition occurs, this calculator will automatically clamp the values to the feasible range. By most interpretations, this results in a so-called naked singularity-a condition many think is impossible (although research into what it would mean continues). However, since the universe appears to be electrically balanced (or nearly so), it is expected that most real black holes are Kerr (or nearly so).įor certain values of angular momentum or charge, a point is reached (an extremal black hole) where the equations break down (the event horizon calculation becomes complex-valued). The solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell equations of general relativity can be categorized by the assumptions made:Ĭlearly, Kerr-Newman is the most general (and is what this calculator calculates). This is one of those astrophysics questions that often trip up people.This calculator will calculate the properties of a black hole described by given parameters (mass, charge, angular momentum), or the mass of a black hole possessing given properties update one of the values below, and the others will recalculate.Ī black hole is described (exactly) by only its mass, charge, and angular momentum. Even then, it is less than on earth because of micro gravity where mass component on the pilot is only that of the acceleration which means the pilot in space feels less g force than on earth. However, a body in free fall will not feel the acceleration unless they are being pressed against something in the ship. When mass is very low like pilot in space then the bulk of the g force is acceleration. The force is calculated as F=ma or force= mass x acceleration. ![]() Now can a pilot in outer space feel g force via acceleration? yes. That force is proportional to the sheer force and of acceleration. G force in atmosphere or closer to the earth is felt because the pilot is being pressed against the airplane seat or airplane itself. That does not mean that there is no g force at all. Generally speaking, there is no felt zero G force in space because objects there are technically in free fall. The absolute correct answer is depends on circumstance. If you intended to fly to a star outside our solar system very quickly (within months), then rapid acceleration causing high $g$ forces would be necessary. The thrusters on space vehicles are, unlike jet engine thrusters within the atmosphere, not used for aerobatics and steep manouvers, but to gently alter course at low $g$ forces. The astronauts feel zero gravity inside this 'falling' vehicle. That is just enough to balance the earth's gravitational pull on the space station at its altitude ($408km$). Low orbital vehicles like the ISS space station float around the earth at about 7.7 km/s. Once in space orbit, there are generally no manoeuvres that effect high $g$ forces. $$g_$$įor space flight, up to about $3g$ are experienced in order to reach space. Similarly, the sharper the turn, the smaller $r$ is, the greater the acceleration.ĭuring the vertical ascent of a fighter aircraft, $g$ force is a sum of the earths gravitational force plus the acceleration of the fighter aircraft upwards: The larger $v$ is, the higher the $g$ force during the turn. For a sharp turn at linear velocity $v$ and radius $r$, the $g$ force is acceleration $a$ in the equation: Within the atmosphere, there is plenty of scope for high $g$ forces during fighter aircraft manoeuvres including aerobatics.įor fighter aircraft, which generally experience the highest $g$ forces for flight within the earth's atmosphere, the main causes of high $g$ forces are sharp turns, rapid acceleration/decceleration and upward acceleration. The main reason why high $g$ forces are generally not experienced in space as opposed to within the earth's atmosphere is modes of flight. ![]()
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